The Impact of Globalisation in the UAE

The Impact of Globalisation in the UAE UAE is the most globalised country in the Middle East because Abu Dhabi, emirates with huge oil wealth and Dubai with entrepreneurial skills was opened as commercial hub soon after gaining independence from British. Long before UAE had started opening up to free trade, free movement of labour and joint business ventures then the other countries in Middle East. So, when the trend of globalisation becomes clear in mid 1990s most of the Middle East countries are unprepared for the economic and political impact of globalization while UAE was all set for becoming globalised at least economically. It had never taken gobalisation as challenge but as opportunity from which they can have benefit. UAE was always prepared to do this without making any compromises with his values and tradition. (THE UAE The Challenge Of Globalisation Part 19., 2002) UAE has set an example for the world on handling challenges by maintaining political stability and social security. By adopting open economy policies, activating private sectors and attracting foreign investors helps him in globalization. UAE has worked hard to make its way for healthy business and investment environment. (Paulo, 2004) Introduction Today globalisation is a need of every country in the world, whether it is small or big, developed or developing country. Globalisation was started in 1980, but has taken pace with the technological advancement in the sectors of transport and communication and by investing through big developing countries and opening them for international trade and investment. Even the poor countries are also trying hard to utilize the opportunity of globalisation. They are making to world markets of manufactured products and services with their huge labour. (Viswanathan, 2008) With 32,278 square miles of area, consisting of 7 small emirates of Abu Dhabi, Dubai, Ras Al-Khaimah, Sharjah, Ajman, Umm Al-Qaiwain, and Fujairah, which together makes United Arab Emirates. These emirates were united as one federal state on 2 December, 1971. Abu Dhabi is the wealthiest member in the union because of its huge oil wealth and Dubai is second largest emirates being a commercial port. Being allied to the emirates like Abu Dhabi and Dubai, the remaining five small emirates are enjoying political and economic benefits. UAE is considered to have autocratic government, in which one person possesses the power. There are less political reforms in the country than the economic ones because of existence of sheikhs dilemma in the country. UAE has foreign policy of non-interference in the internal affairs of other countries. They believe in peaceful resolution of disputes. UAE always supports for international institution like United Nation and Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC). (Stone) Globalisation and UAE In terms of population and its territory Middle East may not be a good region for investment, but having good natural resources of gas and oil make these countries to actively participate in globalisation. UAE was poor desert country but the discovery of oil changed its economy markedly. The effect of globalisation had made the resources of oil so important that investors rather consider the small territory and population of the UAE. Globalization is interdependence of world economy; it requires cooperation among economies of the countries. Some techniques like outsourcing and insourcing proves to be the best method for international collaboration. Today UAE, especially Dubai is attracting many foreign investors because it provides all the facilities for business development. UAE recognized the importance of being an open country that can offer something new to the investors. Thus, offshoring, which consist of shifting of production processes and services from one country to another also plays an important role in globalization and made direct impact on the countries. Dubai is offering considerable economic conditions and opportunities to foreign investors for doing business there. The vision of UAE is to create an open country for international business investment and to give their best for building better infrastructure. At first the economy of UAE was mostly dependent on natural resources, but now it is also concentrating on other sectors for developing profit. It has begun to search other sources of income such as tourism, real estate and international finances. Globalization also permits UAE to expand its market. Its economy is not only depending on foreign trade but also on import and export market. Its top most export partners are Japan, South Korea, Thailand and India; and main export goods are natural gas, crude petroleum and dried fish. The main importers countries are Germany, UK, Italy, France, United States, China, Japan and India; and main imported goods are equipment and chemicals for inner enterprises. Another success of UAE is the application of latest technologies. The market is cooperating with modern trends and applying new knowledge to production function. Compliance advance ideas in market helps in getting efficient work in sectors like production, management and entrepreneurship. (Effect of Globalization on United Arab Emirates Market) Challenges and Opportunities Present day situation does not give any other option then to join the globalization process along with other developing nations. However it may not be same for some developing countries. Globalization interrupts the culture and mentality of UAE people. If the country wants to attract tourist and foreign investors then it have to make compromises with its deep-rooted Islamic traditions, but the strong following of rules for both locals and foreigners results in losing most of the visitors and tourists. Therefore to enter the globalization UAE become a free country with broad views. This resulted in change not only culturally but also economically. Dubai can be best example as it is surrounded by conservative countries like Iran and Saudi Arabia but it is able to attract foreign investors by allowing company to work in tax free environment. Globalization is acculturation of many countries. So it is very difficult to preserves ones culture and traditions, therefore for the sake of globalization people in UAE have to abandon some rules and values of their customs. Another Challenge of globalization is financial instability; absence of financial control can also lead to economic instability. It is true that large countries are making profits from globalization but it is not confirmed in the case of small countries. Foreign investment helps in development of the country so it is important to have correct policy and logical use of the received money. Government should check whether the countries financial sector is getting full benefit from the investments or not. (Effect of Globalization on United Arab Emirates Market) The challenges of globalization can be met through the joint effort of both public and private sector. The public sector is actively participating in development of open economy process and adapting economic and social circumstances in compliance with the requirements. On other hand private sector is getting support by establishment of industrial area and free trade zone. Enhancement in the process of privatization is letting the market forces to remedy twists and turns timely by controlling economic life. Government should not only be responsible for the growth and development, private sector should also participate. Private sector can help by improving performance and productivity. They can merge small private enterprises to make large productive unit and can increase competition. Meanwhile, Government should work with social and business organization to achieve different goals. (Paulo, 2004) On the security end, UAE has signed many defense treaties with western powers like US, Britain, France and have strong defense relations with closer nations and number of other nations. With the time there is change in thinking of people in UAE, because of positive changes brought by Dubai in field of business development. Even it has become an example for other emirates. Younger generations of UAE are leading him and are the decision makers. Their inputs are making remarkable changes in the commercial and infrastructural sectors. The younger generation is directly related to ruling families. (THE UAE The Challenge Of Globalisation Part 19., 2002) Conclusion United Arab Emirates is greatly influenced by Globalization. It has actively participated in the process by providing favorable environment for business and foreign investment. They also have broaden their imports and export market with increase in the number of countries. This also helped UAE in development of infrastructure of the country. Some economic techniques like outsourcing, insourcing and offshoring helped him to develop good business relations with other countries which indirectly are influenced by the globalization. Globalization also leads to openness of country which can make negative impact as in terms of culture and tradition. Government need to manage the flow of foreign investment in order to have economic stability. (Effect of Globalization on United Arab Emirates Market) From 1990 to 2003 volume of trade has been increased and high and middle income countries had made their share in world trade, this became possible only because of globalization. Globalization cannot be taken as a solution to everything. It hardly provides any opportunities, countries who have taken advantage are flourishing who donà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢t are sinking. Countries with right mindset can produce equality of outcome with globalization. The low income countries need international assistance and support to participate in Globalization It demands the collective action of all the countries in the world. (Viswanathan, 2008)

Teenage Suicide :: Teenage Suicide Essays

  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  When people think about suicide, they think about someone taking their life away on purpose, or in other words it means, â€Å"to kill yourself† (Marcus 1). Suicide is a dramatic word that can change the way people view things in life. It is a thought that brings a teen to the point of self-murder. It is an event where a young one feels desperation and pain just before pulling the trigger or jumping off the bridge. Many of those who have thought about suicide or have committed suicide have done so because their life has changed, and many are having difficulty adjusting to it. It is a time where everything seems to go wrong, and a person starts to feel empty inside. It is like a mystery that could happen to young, old, rich and poor. The only thing a person can do when there are signs of suicide is to prevent it from happening, but why is it that people turn over to suicide, and how can a person prevent it from happening? There are about eighty deaths for teenage suicide every day in the United States, and there are about one thousand five hundred teens that attempt suicide. Many fail suicide, which is a good thing. After trying to attempt suicide for the first time, many can attempt to cry for help before a second attempt is made. People need to keep in mind that if a person turns to suicide and achieves suicide, there is nothing a community can do. But there are always many ways in which people can help suicidal teens. Even though there are teenagers who truly want to die, there are ways in which anyone can help if there are warning signs of suicide. In this case there are many ways in which a teenager could turn over to suicide. Loneliness, depression and the abuse of drugs and alcohol are just a few ways. A loss in a teen’s life could be very traumatizing, and losing a loved one for any reason may bring teenagers into the borderline of killing themselves. Being left out and not fitting in with a new group could often lead a teenager into feeling lonely. Loneliness causes a person to lose hope in life. Not having someone to talk to can make a person feel that they are nothing in this world.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Depression is another affect that can lead a person into suicide.

Price War Essay

How should a company try to deal with the threat of a price war? Fontinelle (2010) believed that price war has a big impact which leads to a string of price reduction that vaporizes the profit margins. There are some solutions which can cope with the menace of a price war. To start with, Rao et al. (2000) showed that the manager of a company should take into account of other options before answering the price cuts call. The manager should consider matching price cut is a good choice or not before deciding. Moreover, additional information about the price war is needed to be figured out immediately. Does the discounted price apply for a short period of time or long term? In addition, the terms and conditions for the promotion are also involved. For example, Starbucks drove their customers crazy because of the 50% discount Frappuccino in happy hour campaign. In addition, it also attracts more new customers. Meanwhile, their competitors should consider about applying the same strategy or do nothing. The competitor’s managers must be particularly careful as the threat of price war is high. In addition, they may get more disadvantages instead of advantages as if their brand is not as strong as Starbucks. Misreading the competitor’s purposes which is one of the main factor causes price war can lead to unavoidable price war (Little, 2003). Therefore, correct information about competitor’s intentions must be obtained carefully. The reason behind the price cuts must be figured out to have the right respond. With the same example above, the competitors’ managers should research in detail about Starbucks promotion campaign to have their suitable marketing strategy. According to Rao et al. (2000), marketing communication strategy plays an important role in ensuring the competitors understand the reason behind the company pricing tactics which assists in avoiding a price war. Advertisement should not only focus on the price but also the quality and benefits of the product. Therefore, the companies should selectively reveal their strategy intentions in the purpose of staying away from price reductions. To avoid igniting a price war, Swartz (2012) claimed that products are required to be differentiated. It means that the products must be customized to become outstanding in the market share. Although other traders may offer products which are similar to those competitors are selling, it doesn’t necessarily mean the company must serve identical products or services. Therefore, there are many ways of differentiation in order to make the customers realize which product is more valuable to purchase. Rao et al. (2000) pointed out that awareness of customer’s level of price sensitivities is also important. To carry out a successful pricing strategy, a company must first comprehend the basic understanding of customer perception of price sensitivity. This changes when new competitors enter the current market as company have to be aware of other competitors pricing strategy as well. As a conclusion, companies should keep clear of price wars as it can be difficult to manage as soon as price wars begin to gain a head start. Arguments between companies regarding price wars should be handled calmly to avoid unnecessary conflicts. As a side benefit, it would also reduce the chances of initiating price wars.

Gene Editing and Engineering Technology - 921 Words

INTRODUCTION: Gene editing and engineering technology has the potential to cure many diseases that plague humans. Until now, there have been two main methods used to perform gene editing. The first is a method that uses Zinc Finger Nucleases (ZFNs) to target genes. This method allowed to make changes at the desired places, but it required, a new protein to be specifically engineered for each target gene. This was difficult and very time consuming. The other method uses transcription activator-like effector nucleases (TALENs). In this method, its much more easier to tailor them to the targeted genes. But, TALENS are large proteins, and it is difficult to deliver them into the cells. CRISPR stands for clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats. These are short DNA sequences that are found in bacteria. This is used to make RNA that along with a protein called Cas9, to make cuts in the invading viral DNA. This mechanism is used by bacteria to protect and defend against invading viruses. In 2012, it was discovered by Jinek et al [1], that a piece of RNA along with the Cas9 nuclease could be used to make cuts at any place in the DNA sequence. The greatest advantage of this method is that it is very easy to engineer pieces of RNA corresponding to the DNA sequence to be cut. Also, the Cas9 nuclease is easy to produce. This method provides a cheap, quick and easy way to make genetic changes in cells, and accelerate genetic research in the laboratory. HUMANShow MoreRelatedThe Genome Editing And Crispr Technology1458 Words   |  6 Pages2015 Genome Editing and CRISPR Technology The research surround genome editing is fairly recent but has been of great scientific discovery by correcting faulty genetic diseases. With the contemporary research regarding genome editing or genetically altering the genes of an embryo, the types of sources that embodied this research was minimal yet paramount. The amount of information gathered from online libraries and texts attained from the library the technology used for genome editing CRISPR/Cas9Read MoreBenefits Of Genetic Engineering1115 Words   |  5 Pageswill be talking about genetic engineering. What is genetic engineering? Genetic engineering is the process of directly manipulating an organism’s genes or DNA in order to change its characteristics. Over the years, genetic engineering and modification has been trialled on many different things, (CHANGE SLIDE) including food such as creating seedless grapes, CHANGE SLIDE and animals such as dolly the sheep, the first cloned animal in the world. However, genetic engineering, especially on humans has beenRead MoreA New Science Of Genetic Engineering Essay1130 Words   |  5 Pagespublic would react to his life work. The growing potential of gene editing is sweeping the US, filled with both overwhelming hope as well as fear. This is a bridge which must be crossed to achieve trust within the biomedical community. To ensure the people this can bring great change without the unethical byproducts which could come with gene editing. Much of the American public is divided with the relatively new science of genetic engineering due to concerning ethical issues, but would benefit in manyRead MoreDelivery Of The Cas Components1306 Words   |  6 Pagesmethods of transfection such as microinjection, gene gun, electroporation, sonoporation, and using viruses such as adenoviruses and lentiviruses. In cultured mammalian cells, researchers have used electroporation , nucleofection, and Lipofectamine mediated transfection methods to deliver vectors expressing the gene for gRNAs and Cas9 endonuclease. In cultured human and mouse cells, Lentiviral vectors have also been used as a mode of delivery of genes. In addition to animal models and cell lines, Cas9Read MoreHuman Genetic Engineering And Eugenics1582 Words   |  7 PagesHuman genetic engineering and eugenics have been a largely controversial topic over the past decades. Eugenics can be popularly defined as the science of improving and enhancing a human population or person through manipulating the human genes, selective breeding, and sterilization. The end goal and desired result of eugenics is to basically create a human race or people with more desirable biological, physical, or psychological traits. Eugenics and genetic modification is a current, pressing subject;Read MoreGenetic Engineering And The Human Existence1193 Words   |  5 Pages Why is genetic engineering crucial to the hum an existence? Initially, genetic engineering, also called genetic modification, is the process of manually adding new unique DNA into an organism. The objective is to add one or numerous new traits that are not already constructed in that particular organism. New DNA inserts in the host genome and immediately isolates and replicates the gene of interest by using molecular cloning methods to synthesize a DNA sequence; then inserting this construct intoRead MorePros And Cons Of Genetic Engineering1662 Words   |  7 PagesGenetic engineering is the process whereby new DNA is added or existing DNA is altered in an organism s genome. This may involve changing one base pair (A-T or C-G) or deleting entire sections of DNA or adding additional copies of a gene. This results in creating new traits that were not previously present in the organism’s genome. This is done to selectively breed desired traits or to create plants with increased resistance to pesticides and increased tolera nce to herbicides. For example insulinRead MoreImportance Of CRISPR Cas-91046 Words   |  5 Pagesvery successful is CRISPR Cas-9. CRISPR Cas-9, is an RNA- guided targeted genome editing tool, it allows scientists to do knockout, addition or deletions of genes and because of this it is used to target disease-causing genes in specific genes. It first came about in in 1987 a Japanese team of scientists at Osaka University saw a strange pattern of DNA sequences in a gene belonging to E. coli. They saw that the gene had five short repeating segments of DNA separated by short non-repeating spacerRead MoreA Research On The New Scientific System1497 Words   |  6 Pagesthis could be the future of the world; therefore, CRISPR can alter mutant genes in the fetus to make the perfect healthy baby, changing the health of society. Many people may think that is is an inhumane way to conceive a baby, because an individual should not alter the way a baby is born and should let the babies be bor n naturally. However, there are many reasons why this theory is proven wrong; new and improved technology has allowed scientists to create a system that will genetically alter devastatingRead MoreSynthesis Essay On Genetic Technology718 Words   |  3 PagesGenetic Technologies Essay CRISPR Cas9 technology should be used to modify human and embryonic DNA. I support this claim because if we have the technology of CRISPR Cas9 and all of the advantages it entails to help people who want to have healthy children and to stop the inheritance of deadly genetic diseases, we should. CRISPR Cas9 has many advantages, but it has generated a lot of excitement in the scientific community because it is faster, cheaper, more accurate, and more efficient than other

Modern Political History of Israel and Iran - 1435 Words

Since World War II, religion has played a significant role in the modern political history of Israel and Iran. Both countries are self-defined theological states (Israel as a Jewish state, Iran as an Islamic state). Although the impact of religion changes across time and context, religion has largely defined political identity for both Israel and Iran. Yet, modern states are host to many paradoxes. Religion is important in defining these states, however the workings of each country are not always religious in practice. The State of Israel was founded in 1948 as a Jewish state. At the time of Israel’s founding, Jews made up only 32% of Palestine (Yiftachel, 58). In order to accomplish the goal of creating a Jewish state, it was imperative†¦show more content†¦The issues of marriage and military service exemplify how religion has and continues to affect Israeli political history. Yet like many modern states Israel exhibits many paradoxes. By definition Israel has succee ded in establishing itself as a Jewish state. Judaism has also permeated throughout aspects of culture and politics. However in practice, a large percentage of Israeli citizens are not religiously observant. According to the Israeli Central Bureau of Statistics, in 2009, 42% of Jewish Israelis identified as secular. That is in comparison to 8% ultra-Orthodox, 12% religious and 13% religiously observant (Shtull-Trauring, 2010). While a significant portion of Israeli citizens view Judaism as being important to their lives, the 42% of Israelis that identified as being secular indicates that although in definition Israel is a Jewish state, in practice religion is not important for many Israelis. The other self-defined theological Middle-Eastern state is the Islamic Republic of Iran. Since 1979, religion has played a major role in Iranian political history. When the revolution succeeded in 1979, despite it being a combined effort between religious and secular democratic factions, it was widely recognized that Shia Islam had been necessary to the success of the revolution (Majd, 6). As Majd says, â€Å"When†¦countless Iranians†¦voted in the yes-or-no ballot following the Shah’s downfall, we overwhelmingly chose an Islamic Republic. IslamShow MoreRelatedReligion And Politics : The Middle East Essay1007 Words   |  5 Pagespolitics, in part because political struggles have for centuries been understood as religious conflicts and in part because of the intimate ties of the three Abrahamic faiths in the region. The middle east is the birthplace of the world’s three Abrahamic religions – Judaism, Christianity, and Islam. The fact that religion and politics have a long history in the Middle East does not mean that religion is always, or even most of the time, a crucial factor driving political conflicts. Most of the politicsRead MoreCauses of Unrest in the Middle East Essay1145 Words   |  5 PagesThe Causes of Unrest in the Middle East The causes of unrest in the Middle East are historical, religious, economic and geo-political. Ancient history and ancient civilizations can serve as a framework for understanding some of the existing enmity. For example, the Persians (Iranians) and the Babylonians (Iraqis) have been fighting for more than 3,000 years. However, the current unrest in the Middle East is the result of Western ethno-centrism and colonialism (covert and overt), combined withRead MoreThe Iranian Hostage Crisis Of 19791667 Words   |  7 Pageswith the seizure of the American Embassy in Tehran by Khomeini-supporting Islamist students, who took 66 Americans hostage. Since the Western â€Å"realm† is held together by shared values and sense of community, amongst other features, and Khomeini’s Iran had proven itself to be not only an ideological threat to Westerners, but a security one as well as exemplified by the hostage-taking, Canada swiftly worked bilaterally to defend its realm by she ltering 6 American diplomats in the home of CanadianRead MoreThe Nuclear Agreement And Iran1274 Words   |  6 Pagesrecent global media is the Iran Nuclear deal that took place in the spring of 2015. Americans for months have been conflicted on President Obama’s approach to a country that seems so far away from my own life. Curious to critically learn about the origins of this nuclear agreement and Iran’s international relations history with the rest of the world, I took the initiative to research this topic further and expand my global knowledge. Through research, I was able to analyze history and diplomatic relationsRead MoreThe, The Party For God Essay1556 Words   |  7 PagesHezbollah To some Hezbollah, the â€Å"Party for God†, is a political group fighting for nationalism and to others, particularly western cultures; Hezbollah is a very dangerous terrorist organization. Hezbollah is a Shiite Muslim group based in Iran and Southern Lebanon. They have an extensive network that crosses international borders and consists of everything from schools and hospitals to a television station. Hezbollah was formed following the 1979 Iranian Revolution. In the early ‘80s, there wereRead MoreThe Dual Legacies Of Discrimination Against Ethnic Minorities And The Country s Uneven Economic Development1301 Words   |  6 Pagesmovement. The dual legacies of discrimination against ethnic minorities and the country’s uneven economic development have created strong support in non-Persian areas for political reform. 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Many countries even today refuse to see legitimacy of the nation of IsraelRead MoreThe Oil Embargo of 1972-19731247 Words   |  5 Pagesthough both events have an unquestioned place within the regions politics and history, they will not be part of this papers analytic structure. In lieu of that, it will talk about the 1973-1974 oil embargo and determine which theory could provide an explanation to such a move. This paper will elaborate on the previous embargoes used in the regions recent history, before thoroughly examine the 1973 embargo. Regional history (1956-1973) 1956  : Suez crisis and Iranian oil nationalization 1956 markedRead MoreThe Middle East: A Brief Overview Essay1116 Words   |  5 Pagesnbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;The Middle East is a region in Southwest Asia that includes the countries of Saudi Arabia, Yemen, Oman, U.A.E., Kuwait, Iraq, Jordan, Israel, Lebanon, Syria, Cyprus, Turkey, Iran, and Afghanistan. The aspects that make up all that is geography in the Middle East include physical geography, economic geography, religion, and human history. The Middle East is known for its physical geography, being the largest area of dry climate in the world. nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;Southwest AsiaRead MorePolitical Tensions Between The Islamic 30 Years War1637 Words   |  7 PagesAs they struggle to understand the different dimensions of the geo-political tensions between the Islamic republic of Iran and Sunni Saudi Arabia- a rivalry that has some sectarian elements to it, western security experts often resort to use of such terms like â€Å"Islam’s ancient blood feud† and the â€Å"Islamic 30 years’ war†. Useful though those terms may be and understandable as they are when the Middle East is viewed with a western lense, they fail to accurately capture the ground reality. The shiat

Hensoldt Swot Analysis - 1688 Words

Hensoldt (previously named Airbus) is an international optronic engineering company (situated in Centurion, Pretoria) that specialises primarily in the design and manufacturing of sensors and optics for military use. There are three key focus areas in the company namely (i) land, (ii) air and (iii) sea. The company is in cooperation with Denel, however other external companies make use of the specialised engineering services offered by Hensoldt. Mechanical engineers at the company often design functional mechanisms, structural housings and mountings for optics that are attached to the military equipment. These engineers make use of ANSYS for Finite Element Modelling and Computational Fluid Dynamics and Creo (newer version of ProE) as†¦show more content†¦Gerhard Booysen, a former lecturer at the University of Pretoria. All new employees are also exposed to the health and safety rules of the company. The information is shown in an hour-long presentation where the evacuation procedures are discussed and the hazards associated with the company is noted. There were essentially three key hazards namely (i) acetone leakages may occur which is nearly undetectable, (ii) the lasers used by the company is detrimental to eyesight and lastly (iii) the assembly tower for the periscopes is extremely high and strict rules apply when in the vicinity of the tower. Task Description The engineering student was tasked at completing small tasks each of which are documented and reported to Mr. Booysen. During the two weeks of training three large tasks were assigned to the student namely (i) the shock loading analysis of a transport jig, (ii) the tolerance analysis of a clutch regulator and lastly (iii) the modelling of a tensioner and sleeve on Creo. The engineer was also trained on other aspects such as Finite Element Modelling. Shock Loading of a Transport Jig Problem Description A Single Degree of Freedom System is used to approximate the duration of a shock load on a Transport Jig when released from a certain height above ground. There are 6 flexible tubular elements that act as spring elements in the module. The analysis only

Early Intervention in Childrens Services free essay sample

Analyse why there is a policy emphasis on Early Intervention in childrens services. What are the implications of this for different types of services for children, young people and families? This essay will begin by explaining what social policy is, briefly identifying the history behind it. In order to demonstrate why there is a policy emphasis on Early Intervention, there will be a focus on the underpinning values and assumptions of the different political parties, whilst analysing factors that influence social policy such as media influence, social constructions of children, young people and families, government spending and evidence based research. The implications of this on different types of services will be examined by identifying the impact of early intervention on priority funding, restructuring and retraining workforces and stigmatisation. Also different government priorities and varying implications on the same service provisions across the UK will be considered, as well as the effects of labelling and exclusion resulting from early intervention. Finally the diversity of childrens experiences will be discussed. Social policy deals with social issues, through local and national government guidelines, principles and legislation. Therefore politics influences social policy, which determines the services of our welfare state. The post-war 1942 Beveridge Report was significant in developing social policy in the UK with the introduction of health reforms based on universality and the ideology of a social democratic welfare state. Fundamentally the state took responsibility for the welfare of children and families. Conservatives were in power from 1979-1997, during which they sought to change public reliance on the state through encouraging them to take more responsibility for their own welfare, by reducing the provision of state services. When Labour came in to power in 1997, they attempted to find a balance between state and market provision. At the end of power in 2010, New Labour left a legacy in a major development of social policy, that being Early Intervention in childrens services. There is a policy emphasis on early intervention in childrens services due to underpinning government values which affect how resources are distributed and who in society is deemed to need these resources. New Labours value in the child as citizen-worker-of-the-future (Lister,2003) influenced their social policies, which prioritised early intervention as a more preventative, long term solution to social problems such as crime, unemployment and poverty. For example, the introduction of the Green Paper, Every Child Matters(ECM), an initiative formed to improve childrens lives, shaping the EYFS curriculum to ensure every childs right to grow up safe; healthy; enjoying and achieving; making a positive contribution; and with economic well-being'(DfES,2008). This portrays how social policy contributes to shaping childrens lives and why there is an emphasis on early intervention, for example, the need for children and families to understand the value of education in the wider world will be advantageous to their development and future. As highlighted in MP Graham Allens (2011) Early Intervention report discussed in Appendix 1, it was believed that such initiatives would establish a healthy social and emotional development in infancy and therefore would break the intergenerational cycle of dysfunction and under-achievement. Department for Work and Pensions,2009 in Appendix1) Therefore it could be said that early intervention policies do not take the wider social structural context into consideration. This indicates how the media is indirectly responsible for shaping social policy, through influencing thoughts about support and services affecting children, young people and families. For example, the introduction of ECM and the Children Act 2004, a legislative base for many reforms, focussed on improving professional support for vulnerable children and those in need. These initiated from the Laming Report (2003), the inquiry after the death of 8 year old Victoria Climbie in 2000, due to debates arising in media discourses.. focussed upon a general criticism of Social Services as a controlling body. (William-ThomasFound,undated in Appendix1) In addition, the media also contribute to the social constructions of children, young people and families by the type of language used, describing youths as hoodies for example, stereotyping and providing exaggerated discourses, such as what is classed as anti-social behaviour. Such ideas and assumptions influence society and governments social policies reflect this. The effects of the mass media is therefore an example of why there is an emphasis on early intervention policies. The importance of child-centred practice in Early Years, multi-agency working and parenting support are clear government values that underpin early intervention policies. Evidence of cross political party support is portrayed through the New Labour Sure Start initiative surviving a change of government. The Sure Start childrens entres programme is an example of effective multi-agency working and parent support, underpinned by the idea that childrens experiences at a young age affect their quality of life and also their future lives. This initiative was launched in 1999 in a belief that such early intervention would tackle inequalities and social exclusion, whilst lifting children out of poverty and promoting social mobility. This supports the theory that every social problem common in developed societies. has a single root cause: inequality. WilsonPickett,2009) For example, by offering core services such as childcare and before/after school clubs, more people could work, providing an income to improve child poverty and social mobility. This would also mean people would require less state benefits, freeing up government spending in this area to put into early intervention for example. Services offered through Sure Start are delivered using evidence-based interventions, for example the Family Nurse Partnership which originated from the U. S. Nurse Family Partnership with proven results in promoting child development and offering parenting support to new parents. (Department for Work and Pensions,2009 in Appendix1) Sure Start itself was evidence-based from the success of the U. S. Head Start programme, driving forward New Labours parenting agenda based on a principle from their 1997 election campaign that what matters is what works (Davies et al,2000). Therefore there is an emphasis on early intervention due to researched evidence that early intervention policies work and have been successful. However the parenting agenda could actually be responsible for contributing to the change in the state from a welfare state to a therapeutic state, therefore it could be said that this policy emphasis on early intervention has prioritised the future of children over their immediate welfare requirements. For example, funding for the universality of Child Trust Funds may have been better spent on more targeted and specialist services for children in need. There are many such implications on different types of services for children, young people and families. For example, some early intervention policies aim to move responsibility for childrens services to education, therefore childrens welfare, family and community issues have essentially become a focus for schools. (Department for Work and Pensions,2009 in Appendix1) However combining care and education involves being able â€Å"to recognise the difference between the world of the family and the world of the classroom† (Evans,2006), but not all educational practitioners are well enough trained to do this. Surely, if Social Services, dedicated to safeguarding and child protection failed on several occasions with cases such as Climbie, Holly and Jessica, and Baby P, then maybe combining care and education could be too complex and therefore less effective. This indicates there could be some disadvantages in the emphasis placed on these policy directions, as there is more pressure on childrens services to implement the new strategies, and follow additional policy guidance and frameworks, whilst undertaking workforce reforms to retrain educational practitioners to be skilled care practitioners too. Department for Work and Pensions,2009 in Appendix1) This inevitably also effects funding available for other services. For example, the Welsh Assembly Play Policy implemented under New Labour government in 2002 to provide a universal service for children to access a broad range of quality freely chosen play opportunities (Play Wales,undated), based on the value of play in childhood and the importance of children in our society. (Welsh Assembly Play Policy, 2002) However in 2010 the Coalition government has frozen grants to 132 councils (Richardson,BBC2010), which indicates that there are other priorities in government spending. Similarly there are also current proposals to close down some Sure Start childrens centres, (BBC,2011) whilst also decreasing the provision of different types of services they offer, more specifically universal services, as Coalition government values suggest that Sure Start services should be more targeted and specialist, therefore available to those that really need them. (The Conservative Party,2010). New Labour failed to do this by wanting it to be non-stigmatising through its universality (Clarke,2006), hence the socially excluded and lone parent families it was aimed at didnt get as involved as they wouldve liked. Therefore an implication of government emphasis on early intervention is the fact that New Labour didnt hit their core constituency, as middle class families took advantage of its universality. However under Coalition government it may now become stigmatised, hence services becoming more prone to not being used, thus ineffective. The implications on the governments emphasis on early intervention is evidently effecting targeted services for youth offenders in Wales. Due to a lack of money to accommodate youth offenders in institutions n Wales, they are isolated by being housed in secure units based in England, for example Ashfield, in Gloucestershire. The Welsh Childrens Commissioner believes this separation from their families adds to the pressure. This suggests that other services, such as Youth Justice, are seen as less worthy than early intervention. For example, Wales was the first country in the UK to appoint a Childrens Commissioner in 2001, with the first one not being appointed in England until Professor Al-Aynsley Green in 2005. Childrens Commissioner for England,2010) Therefore Welsh children and young people have benefited from this universal service of a childrens commissioner, acting in their best interests from the influence of the UNCRC, four years before English children and young people, which also portrays the priorities of government spending in early intervention in different areas of the UK. There is therefore an indication that implications on the same childrens services varies across the UK. For example Parenting Orders, a New Labour initiative introduced in 1998, targeted at youth offenders and their parents to offer support by first attending court. However in Scotland this never materialised, as local authorities found it to be punishing, therefore ill-suited to welfare reform. Other implications on targeted services such as Parenting Orders, resulted in parents feeling labelled as a bad parent, having poor parenting skills and therefore it made little impact on their relationships with their families, nor on their childs level of offending. Targeted services also tend to include and exclude certain members of society. For example, Parenting Orders tend to be issued to mothers, lone parents and those most socially and economically disadvantaged. Just as Sure Start initiatives provide services more tailored around mothers, for example breast-feeding sessions and therefore fathers feel excluded as the childrens centres are womens places (NESS,undated). Therefore government emphasis on early interventions, although proposed to be advantageous, are not always beneficial to those children, young people and families that they are aimed at and doesnt always reach all children either. It is therefore important to consider the diversity of childrens experiences too, as not all children experience services the same. For example, early intervention was thought as a solution to give all children a good start in life, but there are children in society who through disability, ethnicity or culture for example may experience early intervention differently. Such as gypsies and travellers, whose culture fears outsiders of their own communities, hence there is a resistance to accessing the early intervention services available to them. Therefore early intervention policies are not always meeting aims to access those who need it most and maybe concerns of discrimination and awareness of diversity should be more significantly addressed within social policies, in order to make them more effective, thus services more accessible to all. However, on the other hand the government has recognised this and proposes to do more. For example, there are plans to improve outcomes for disabled children through three priority areas; empowerment, responsive services and timely support, and improving quality and capacity. Department for Education,2010 in Appendix1) Not only will more specialist services such as the Transition Support Programme be implemented, but the government also want disabled children to be able to benefit from universal services, by improving the benchmarking of early intervention practices. Therefore the implications of government emphasis on early intervention is increasingly considering the diversity of childrens experiences and therefore a more effective and efficient provision of policy, practice and services to address inequalities and promote childrens rights. Department for Education,2010 in Appendix1) In light of this analysis, it is evident that government emphasis on early intervention is underpinned by ideas and values that are shaped by various influences in society, the discourses of which are portrayed in social policy. Although political parties share some of the same values, their manifestos are produced with differing ideas on how best to implement early intervention and often with conflicting priorities surrounding the types of services which should most benefit children, young people and families.